Short-term disability is benefit that gives you temporary income, lasting from several weeks to several months, in the event you are unable to work due to an illness or injury.

In the United States, many companies provide it as part of their benefits packages. Additionally, several states provide this as a type of mandated insurance.

Both employer-run and government-run plans have specific criteria for eligibility. Employer plans depend on your benefits provider.

Government-run plans vary by state but generally require employees to have:

  • paid into the state disability insurance program through payroll deductions
  • documentation (often doctor’s notes) supporting your inability to work
  • an illness or injury that began away of work, or pregnancy-related condition, which prevents you from working

While there are nuances between states and between private employer-run short-term disability providers, the following types of illnesses, medical conditions, and injuries are typically covered for employees who also meet the other requirements.

Note that if you plan to use an employer-run plan, your employer may expect you to first exhaust any sick days or vacation days you have accrued.

  • Illnesses: Conditions like pneumonia that temporarily prevent you from working for more than several days.
  • Chronic conditions: Aggravation of chronic illnesses or conditions that temporarily worsen and require time off for recovery.
  • Physical injuries: Vehicle collisions, falls or other serious injuries that require recovery time and render you unable to work.
  • Surgery: Post-operative recovery periods following surgeries.
  • Pregnancy and disability after childbirth: Pregnancy-related conditions that affect your ability to work, including childbirth and recovery.
  • Mental Health: Mental health conditions that impact your ability to work, such as severe anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder.
  • Alcohol or drug rehabilitation: There are some restrictions as to who is eligible and the type of treatment provided.

The following circumstances are typically excluded from short-term disability benefits:

  • work-related illness or injury (which are covered by workers’ compensation insurance)
  • illness or injury to family members (however, other programs like paid family medical leave (PFML) may provide temporary financial benefits during this time
  • certain intentional or self-inflicted injuries

It’s important to check the specific terms and definitions outlined in your state’s or employer’s short-term disability policy or program to understand what conditions are covered and the requirements for eligibility.

Additionally, short-term disability is separate from long-term disability benefits, which can include federal, state or employer benefits. If your disability lasts—or is expected to last—more than a year, you have additional options.